Most previous research on dog cognition has been conducted in Western, educated, industrialized, rich and democratic—or “WEIRD”—societies. However, around three-quarters of the world’s dogs do not live the life of a Western family pet. Many are free-ranging and work as hunting or guard dogs, interacting with humans in very different social settings.

https://phys.org/news/2026-06-bond-humans-dogs-remarkably-societies.html